Quantum key distribution technology could
enable submarines to communicate securely both at depth and speed.
Berenice Baker investigates how rapid underwater communication can be
achieved at a level of secrecy protected by the very laws of physics
themselves.
Submarine communication challenges
Submarine communication is restricted by
the depth at which vessels can exchange information and the speed at
which they can do so through the medium of water.
Recently
however, researchers have made impressive strides in solving this
dilemma using a technique called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).
QKD
promises to guarantee secure communication through the principles of
quantum mechanics, without sacrificing speed or forcing the submarine to
rise nearer the surface.
For a submarine to retain all its
tactical advantage, it must remain submerged in the mixed layer, which
is around 60 to 100 metres deep, below which surface sonars cannot
detect them. Submarine communications are currently carried out while
submerged using ELF or VLF radio waves because only very low or
extremely low frequencies can penetrate the water at those depths.
Using
ELF and VLF presents a number of disadvantages, however. The
transmission sites have to be very large, meaning the submarine must tow
cumbersome antenna cables, plus it usually has to align on a specific
orientation and reduce speed to obtain optimal reception.
The VLF
and ELF frequencies only offer a very low bandwidth: VLF supports a few
hundred bits a second while ELF sustains just a few bits each minute.
This prevents the transmission of complex data such as video.
One
potential solution is to carry out optical communications using a laser,
a concept which has been around since the 1980s when experiments were
carried out to demonstrate that it is possible to maintain an optical
channel between a submarine and an airborne platform.
The Quantum
Technologies group at defence technology specialist ITT Exelis is
looking at taking this a step further through research into the
feasibility of laser optical communication between a submarine and a
satellite or an airborne platform, secured by using quantum information.
The
work ITT Exelis carries out for the US Government includes research in a
wide variety of quantum information topics, including the development
of quantum algorithms, quantum sensors and novel solutions for quantum
communication systems.
Perfectly secure keys
Dr. Marco
Lanzagorta, the director of the Quantum Technologies group in the
Information Systems department of ITT Exelis, explains that QKD is a
protocol which uses quantum information to generate a pair of perfectly
secure keys.
"Quantum information is different from classical
information, because in classical information the unit is the bit and it
can have the value of zero or one," said Lanzagorta. "The unit of
quantum information is the qubit, which is a quantum state of a photon.
It can be on zero, one or any superposition of zero and one. It's more
of a concept of information than the classical one."
Quantum
information has two important properties for securing communications. It
cannot be copied which means it cannot be forged, and every time a
quantum state is measured by an observer it gets collapsed, which means
its properties are very difficult to detect.
Combined in QKD,
these properties can be used to generate perfectly secure keys because
the secrecy of the keys is guaranteed by the laws of physics.
Lanzagorta
explains that in traditional cryptosystems - such as the public domain
system RSA, Diffie-Hellman and ElGamal encryption methods - the security
is based on the solution to a very hard mathematical problem.
However,
there is no formal proof that this mathematical problem, for example
prime factorisation in the case of RSA, could not be broken by an
advanced algorithm. It has also been conjectured that hypothetical
quantum computers could break these types of ciphers exponentially
faster. Hence QKD would offer an unbeatably secure solution.
Optical communication
The
technology for QKD already exists and is commercially available but it
is currently carried out through an optical fibre, rather than photons
travelling freely through air or water.
"Some
experiments have been done on QKD using photons moving in free space,"
said Lanzagorta. "Most recently an experiment was done in the Canary
Islands where they did first base QKD at a distance of 144km, showing it
is feasible to have this free space quantum communication.
"Other
work has been done on connecting a ground site with a satellite
platform, but we're working not on a ground platform but on one that is
submerged in the water."
In addition to the challenges of
transmitting photons through water and free air, the researchers need to
establish a laser link between the transmitter and a receiver on a
satellite or airborne platform.
This is currently being tackled by a QinetiQ North America team which is developing a specialist tracking system.
Once
the optical link between the submarine and the satellite is
established, the ITT Exelis researchers' work takes over, investigating
how to enable the QKD protocol to secure communications. This is done
using a photosensor working in what is known as the Geiger mode, which
effectively means it counts photons which arrive in a certain
polarisation.
"For the transmission of quantum information, you
need something that will polarise the photons, so the quantum state will
be in a given basis, and to have a filter that detects this in the
transmitter and receiver," said Lanzagorta.
"You cannot use
regular lasers as you need specialist photon lasers, which is like a
very diluted laser. These send one photon at a time and each photon has a
well-determined quantum state."
Feasibility studies
The next
stage for the programme will see the US Naval Research Lab carry out a
series of experiments to establish how well a photon's quantum state is
preserved as it travels through water to verify the accuracy of ITT
Exelis' theoretical feasibility study.
If the experiments support
the theoretical model and the research moves on to the next stage, an
experimental prototype could be in place within five years. However, a
number of factors are at play with such a radical new approach.
"It's not only a scientific technological question but also has to do with funding levels and politics," claimed Lanzagorta.
However,
if the powers that be do see it through, the benefits could be
substantial. The proposed system could potentially deliver perfectly
secure transmission, the highest level of security available, at rates
of up to 170kb a second, which is around 600 times more bandwidth than
current VLF systems are capable of, easily coping with complex data such
as video.
Additionally, there would be no loss of operational
efficiency or stealth for the submarine itself, as in principle it would
not have to slow down, remain at depths of less than 100m or change
orientation to exchange data.
These factors would be addressed by
the transmitting laser and receiving system part of the solution, which
is being tackled by QinetiQ.
However, the entire success depends
on how travelling through water affects the photon. "The biggest
challenge is to see what is the best way to send the single photon
pulses in such a way that the quantum state is protected even if it
travels through water," said Lanzagorta. "We need to find a way to do
some sort of encoding, like error correction encoding, that protects the
quantum state of the photon so we can have a larger range of
operations."
* Article publicat a Naval Technology. Les comunicacions amb submarins en immersió sempre han estat quelcom tant problemàtic com vital. Aquest interessantíssim article n'aporta algunes claus de futur
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